The cross-border women we will discuss in this capsule are:
Moroccan women who commute daily to Ceuta or Melilla to work, but who reside in the municipalities bordering the Moroccan border with Ceuta and Melilla.
Spanish women who commute daily to Morocco to work, but who reside in Ceuta and Melilla.
Moroccan women who commute daily to Ceuta or Melilla to do shopping, but who reside in the municipalities bordering the Moroccan border with Ceuta and Melilla.
The reality of cross-border women resulting from the pandemic was:
that around 500 people have been stuck in the city of Ceuta with the closure of the border but the government of Ceuta protected these workers by guaranteeing their rights.
that around 500 people have been stuck in the city of Ceuta with the closure of the border, the direct consequence of which has been the loss of their jobs, social security contributions, basic labour rights and the loss of the right to be re-joined with their families.
that around 500 people have been stuck in the city of Ceuta with the closure of the border but the government of Ceuta facilitated the return of all these people to their cities of residence in Morocco despite the fact that the border was closed.
The demonstrations organized by cross-border workers in the city of Ceuta on a weekly basis to demand their rights:
did not achieve their objectives as the government's response to the legal limbo in which trans-border women find themselves has been null. partially achieve their objectives as the Moroccan government made it easier for those whose passports had expired to renew their documents. partially achieve their objectives as the Spanish government offered them a temporary residence permit for work purposes.
partially achieve their objectives as the Moroccan government made it easier for those whose passports had expired to renew their documents.
partially achieve their objectives as the Spanish government offered them a temporary residence permit for work purposes.
The Ratification of the Protocol of Accession of Spain to the Schengen Agreement included:
a declaration regarding Ceuta and Melilla, which allows anyone with a Moroccan passport to enter and leave the enclaves without a visa.
a declaration regarding Ceuta and Melilla, which does not allow entry to the enclaves for the entire non-European population on the basis of a visa.
a declaration regarding Ceuta and Melilla, which for practical purposes meant that Moroccan citizens holding a passport issued in the wilaya of Tetuan or Nador do not need a visa to enter Ceuta or Melilla, with the limitation of not being able to stay overnight in the enclaves.
The preamble of the Domestic Worker Convention (No. 189) recognises that:
domestic work continues to be undervalued and invisible and is mainly carried out by women and girls, many of whom are migrants or members of disadvantaged communities and who are particularly vulnerable to discrimination in respect of conditions of employment and of work, and to other abuses of human rights.
domestic work continues to be undervalued and invisible and is mainly carried out by women and girls, but in no case does it state that this work is carried out by women of migrant origin.